Lecture 41

Diffuse Gamma Rays: Galactic and Extragalactic Sources

• Hint: the sky in 21 cm (atomic H), CO (molecular H), and H alpha (ionized H)
• active galactic nuclei: blazars
  e.g., 3C279 and 3C273
  sketch of unification scheme
• star-forming galaxies

Atmospheric Neutrinos

• Theory
• Observations: Super-K
  latest results
• Long baseline accelerator experiments
  • K2K (KEK to Super-K)
    results
  • MINOS: Fermilab to Soudan, Minnesota
• Atmospheric neutrinos as foreground noise:
  IceCube

Neutrino Masses: The State of the Art

• possible scenarios